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Pituitary Adenoma

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(Pituitary Tumor; Nervous System Tumor)

Definition

The pituitary is a small complicated gland at the base of the brain. It makes several important hormones that regulate growth and the activity of several other major glands throughout the body. A pituitary adenoma is an abnormal growth, or tumor, in this gland. Pituitary adenomas are benign. This means they are not cancerous. They do not spread to other parts of the body. The growths can lead to visionproblems because it is near the eyes. It can also lead to growth problems. It often can also disrupt the hormonal balance of the thyroid, adrenal, and gonads.
Pituitary Gland
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Causes

The cause is unknown. Some tumors are part of other endocrine disorders and are associated with genetic changes. These can be inherited.
Tumors can also be a result of exposure to cancer causing substances like radiation. In some cases the DNA changes may occur for no known reason.

Risk Factors

Factors that increase your chance of pituitary adenoma include:
  • A family or personal history of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1) —a hereditary condition that increases the risk of developing pituitary, hypothalamus, and parathyroid and pancreatic tumors
  • Other disorders that run in the family like Carney complex or acromegaly (giantism)

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary quite a bit and may not be present at all. It will depend on whether or not the tumor is secreting hormones and how large it is. The tumor's location at the base of the brain can also cause symptoms.
General symptoms due to size may include:
  • Headache
  • Blurred vision or tunnel vision
In addition to the above, symptoms from Prolactin Secreting Adenoma (40% of all cases)
  • Milk production from nonlactating females
  • Loss of or irregular periods
  • Loss of sex drive
  • Vaginal dryness
  • Low bone density or osteoporosis
Symptoms from Thyrotropin-secreting Adenoma
  • Enlarged thyroid (eg goiter)
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
  • Tremors
  • Heart palpitations
  • Anxiety
  • Weight loss
  • Insomnia
Symptoms from Corticotropin-secreting Adenoma:
  • Menstrual disturbance
  • High blood pressure
  • High fasting glucose
  • Skin changes (increased facial hair, acne, bruising, bluish stretch marks
  • Buffalo hump (increased fatty tissue in back)
  • Obesity especially around the wrist
  • Round face
Growth Hormone-secreting Adenoma
  • Acromegaly (adult)
  • Gigantism (child)
  • High blood pressure
  • High fasting blood sugar
  • Facial features coarse
  • Oily skin
  • Excess sweating
Pituitary adenomas may also be associated with the following conditions:

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You will be referred to an endocrinologist. This is a doctor that specialized on glands and hormones. Tests may include:
  • Blood tests—to measure pituitary and other gland (prolactin, TSH, FT4, IGF-1, growth hormone, corticotrophin or ACTH, beta human gonadotropin, alpha subunit, estradiol, testosterone), hormone levels, blood sugar levels and to identify other underlying conditions that may be causing your symptoms
  • Urine tests—to measure excretion levels of certain pituitary gland hormones (beta human gonadotropin, cortisol)
  • Visual field tests—to check for problems with peripheral vision
  • MRI scan —a test that uses strong magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the pituitary gland near the brain
Special Tests
  • Glucose tolerance test—the standard test for acromegaly
  • Dexamethasone suppression test and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test—best tests to see if excessive secretion of hormones from the adrenal gland is due to a pituitary adenoma

Treatment

Treatment depends on the presence and type of hormones being secreted. It is not uncommon for these treatment options to be used in combination. Talk with your doctor about the best plan for you.
Treatment options include:

Surgery

Surgery is often done to remove the tumor. The rest of the normal pituitary gland may be damaged during surgery. This can be treated by replacing the missing hormones with pills or other forms of hormone replacement.

Medications

Medications can control symptoms and sometimes shrink the tumor. They can block hormone secretion.
For the majority of adenomas, that are prolactin or growth hormone secreting, medications may include:
  • Dopamine agonists (eg cabergoline, bromocriptine)
  • Octreotide or long-acting versions

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy involves the use of radiation to kill tumor cells. The types of radiation therapy used to treat pituitary adenomas include:
  • Conventional therapy—radiation is directed at the pituitary from a source outside the body
  • Stereotactic radiosurgery—an intense radiation beam is targeted directly at the tumor
  • Proton beam radiotherapy—a beam of protons (positively charged particles) is directly focused on the tumor

Prevention

There are no guidelines for preventing a pituitary adenoma.

RESOURCES

American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/

Hormone Foundation http://www.hormone.org/

Pituitary Network Association http://www.pituitary.org/

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca/

Canadian Health Network http://www.canadian-health-network.ca/

References

Becker A, Daly AF: The clinical, pathological, and genetic features of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;57:371-82.

Beshay VE, Beshay JE, Halvorson LM: Pituitary tumors: diagnosis, management, and implications for reproduction. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:388-401.

Detailed guide: pituitary tumor. American Cancer Society website. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI%5F2%5F3x.asp?rnav=cridg&dt=61 . Accessed November 8, 2005.

Pituitary tumors information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/pituitary%5Ftumors/pituitary%5Ftumors.htm . Accessed November 8, 2005.

Pituitary tumors (PDQ): treatment. National Cancer Institute website. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pituitary/patient . Accessed November 8, 2005.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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